Caring for the cancer patient: Common side effects of cancer treatments.

Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, can cause various side effects. The specific side effects can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, the type of treatment, the dose and duration, and the individual's overall health. This article will highlight some of the most common side effects of cancer treatment:

Fatigue: Cancer treatment can cause general body weakness or tiredness that can last for weeks or months.

Nausea and vomiting: The side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy can include nausea and vomiting. Vomiting is regulated by sensory receptors in the stomach, including stretch receptors and chemoreceptors. The emetic centre in the brain responds to these signals by causing a wave of reverse peristalsis. Chemotherapy causes nausea by acting on both the brain and the stomach.

Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing: Some chemotherapy drugs contain bleomycin and dactinomycin, which causes temporary mouth dryness. On the other hand, radiation may damage the salivary glands. Surgeries involving the salivary glands' removal will hinder the secretion of saliva, making swallowing painful.

Mouth sores: Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause sores in the mouth and throat.

Taste alteration: Chemotherapy and radiation can damage taste buds leading to modifications in food taste.

Loss of appetite: Cancer treatment can cause a loss of appetite, ultimately leading to weight loss.

Diarrhoea and constipation: Chemotherapy can cause diarrhoea, while pain medication can cause constipation.

Hair loss: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause hair loss on the scalp and other body parts.

Skin changes: Radiation therapy can cause skin changes such as redness, dryness, and itching.

Reduced blood cell counts: Cancer treatment can cause a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to anaemia, increased risk of infection, and easy bruising and bleeding.

Neuropathy: Some chemotherapy drugs can cause neuropathy, a numbness or tingling sensation in the hands and feet.

Emotional changes: Cancer treatment can cause dynamic changes such as anxiety, depression, and mood swings.

It is important to note that not everyone experiences all of these side effects and that some can be managed with medication or other interventions. Patients should discuss any side effects they share with their healthcare team to ensure proper management and care.